The fire started in a furniture store on the first floor of the Commonwealth Avenue building just after 5:30 a.m.
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Flames spread through the four-story building and through the roof.
Of the 12 people injured, only one had a serious but not life-threatening injury. The others were described as minor.
On the frigid morning, firefighters were battling not only the flames but the cold as well.
A heavy icing condition was reported on streets around the building.
Firefighters broke windows to get people out of the building as the fire continued to burn.
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One woman ran down the hall, banging on doors to try and get her neighbors out.
Another resident escaped with her two children and dog. She was getting ready for work when she smelled smoke.
"I woke up my husband, my kids and said, 'Listen, there's a fire in the building,'" she said. "By the time we opened the door in the hallway, there was black smoke."
The cause of the fire was not immediately known.
The blaze comes only days after the deadliest residential fire to hit New York City in at least a quarter century swept through a Bronx apartment building, killing 12 people.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.