Explainer: What rising interest rates mean for you
In its continued bid to quash high inflation, the Federal Reserve on Wednesday raised the overnight bank lending rate to a range of 3% to 3.25%.
It is the fifth increase by the US central bank in six months and its third consecutive 75- basis-point hike, which will put upward pressure on other interest rates throughout the economy.
For consumers, the Fed's move will spur yet again the question of where to park their savings for the best return and how to minimize their borrowing costs.
"Credit card rates are the highest since 1995, mortgage rates are the highest since 2008, and auto loan rates are the highest since 2012. With more rate hikes still to come, it will be a further strain on the budgets of households with variable rate debt such as home equity lines of credit and credit cards," said Greg McBride, chief financial analyst at Bankrate.com. "On a positive note, savers are seeing high-yield savings accounts and certificates of deposit at levels last seen in 2009."
Here are a few ways to situate your money so that you can benefit from rising rates, and protect yourself from their downside.
Credit cards: Minimize the bite
When the overnight bank lending rate -- also known as the fed funds rate -- goes up, various lending rates that banks offer their customers tend to follow.
So you can expect to see a hike in your credit card rates within a few statements.
Currently, the average credit card rate is 18.16%, up from 16.3% at the start of the year, according to Bankrate.com.
Best advice: If you're carrying balances on your credit cards -- which typically have high variable interest rates -- consider transferring them to a zero-rate balance transfer card that locks in a zero rate for between 12 and 21 months.
"That insulates you from [future] rate hikes, and it gives you a clear runway to pay off your debt once and for all," McBride said. "Less debt and more savings will enable you to better weather rising interest rates, and is especially valuable if the economy sours."
Just be sure to find out what, if any, fees you will have to pay (e.g., a balance transfer fee or annual fee), and what the penalties will be if you make a late payment or miss a payment during the zero-rate period. The best strategy is always to pay off as much of your existing balance as possible -- and to do so on time every month -- before the zero-rate period ends. Otherwise, any remaining balance will be subject to a new interest rate that could be higher than you had before if rates continue to rise.
If you don't transfer to a zero-rate balance card, another option might be to get a relatively low fixed-rate personal loan.
Home loans: Lock in fixed rates now
Mortgage rates have been rising over the past year, jumping more than three percentage points.
The 30-year fixed-rate mortgage averaged 6.02% in the week ending September 15, up from5.89% the week before, according to Freddie Mac. That is more than double what it was in mid-September of last year (2.86%), and notably higher than where it started this year (3.22%).
And mortgage rates may climb even further.
So if you're close to buying a home or refinancing one, lock in the lowest fixed rate available to you as soon as possible.
That said, "don't jump into a large purchase that isn't right for you just because interest rates might goup. Rushing into the purchase of a big-ticket item like a house or car that doesn't fit in your budget is a recipe for trouble, regardless of what interest rates do in the future," said Texas-based certified financial planner Lacy Rogers.
If you're already a homeowner with a variable-rate home equity line of credit, and you used part of it to do a home improvement project, McBride recommends asking your lender if it's possible to fix the rate on your outstanding balance, effectively creating a fixed-rate home equity loan. Say you have a $50,000 line of credit but only used $20,000 for a renovation. You would ask to have a fixed rate applied to the $20,000.
If that's not possible, consider paying off that balance by taking out a HELOC with another lender at a lower promotional rate, McBride suggested.
Bank savings: Shop around
If you've been stashing cash at big banks that have been paying next to nothing in interest for savings accounts and certificates of deposit, don't expect that to change just because the Fed is raising rates, McBride said.
That's because the big banks are swimming in deposits and don't need to worry about attracting new customers.
Thanks to the big players' paltry rates, the average bank savings rate is now just 0.13%, up from 0.06% in January, per Bankrate.com's September 14 weekly survey of institutions. The average rate on a one-year CD is now 0.77% as of September 19, up from 0.14% at the start of the year.
But online banks and credit unions are looking to attract more deposits to feed their thriving lending businesses, McBride said. Consequently, they're offering far higher rates and have been increasing them as benchmark rates go higher.
So shop around. Today some online savings accounts are paying over 2%. And top-yielding one-year CDs offer as much as 2.50%.If you want to make a switch, however, be sure to only choose those online banks and credit unions that are federally insured.
Another high-yield savings option
Given today's high rates of inflation, Series I savings bonds may be attractive because they're designed to preserve the buying power of your money. They're currently paying 9.62%.
But that rate will only be in effect for six months and only if you buy an I-Bond by the end of October, after which the rate is scheduled to adjust. If inflation falls, the rate on the I-Bond will fall, too.
There are some limitations. You can only invest $10,000 a year. You can't redeem it in the first year. And if you cash out between years two and five, you will forfeit the previous three months of interest.
"In other words, I-Bonds are not a replacement for your savings account," McBride said.
Nevertheless, they preserve the buying power of your $10,000 if you don't need to touch it for at least five years, and that's not nothing. They also may be of particular benefit to people planning to retire in the next 5 to 10 years since they will serve as a safe annual investment they can tap if needed in their first few years of retirement.
If inflation proves sticky despite higher interest rates, you might also consider putting some money into Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), said Yung-Yu Ma, chief investment strategist at BMO Wealth Management.
Stocks: Seek broad exposure and pricing power
The confusing mix of factors at play in the markets today makes it tough to say which sector, asset class or company is certain to do well in a rising rate environment, Ma noted.
"It's not just rising rates and inflation, there are geopolitical concerns going on... And we have a slowdown that may lead to a recession or maybe it won't... It's an uncommon, even rare, mix of multiple factors," he said.
For example, financial service companies can do well in a rising rate environment because, among other things, they can make more money on loans. But if there's an economic slowdown, a bank's overall loan volume could go down.
In terms of real estate, Ma said, "the sharply higher interest and mortgage rates are challenging...and that headwind could persist for a few more quarters or even longer."
Meanwhile, he added, "commodities have come down in price but still are a good hedge given the uncertainty in energy markets."
He remains bullish on value stocks, especially small cap ones, which have outperformed this year. "We expect that outperformance to persist going forward on a multi-year basis," he said.
But broadly speaking, Ma suggests making sure your overall portfolio is diversified across equities. The idea is to hedge your bets, since some of those areas will come out ahead, but not all of them will.
That said, if you're planning to invest in a specific stock, consider the company's pricing power and how consistent the demand is likely to be for their product. For example, technology companies typically don't benefit from rising rates. But since cloud and software service providers issue subscription pricing to clients, those may rise with inflation, said certified financial planner Doug Flynn, co-founder of Flynn Zito Capital Management.
Bonds: Go short
To the extent you already own bonds, the prices on your bonds will fall in a rising rate environment. But if you're in the market to buy bonds youcan benefit from that trend, especially if you purchase short-term bonds, meaning one to three years. That's because their prices have fallen more relative to long-term bonds, and their yields have risen more. Ordinarily short- and long-term bonds move in tandem.
"There's a pretty good opportunity in short-term bonds, which are severely dislocated," Flynn said." For those in higher income tax brackets a similar opportunity exists in tax-free municipal bonds."
Ma added that 2-year Treasuries, which are yielding nearly 4%, "are appealing here as we don't expect the Fed to go much beyond that level with short term interest rates."
Muni prices have dropped significantly, yields have risen, and many states are in better financial shape than they were pre-pandemic, Flynn noted.
Other assets that may do well are so-called floating rate instruments from companies that need to raise cash, Flynn said. The floating rate is tied to a short-term benchmark rate, such as the fed funds rate, so it will go up whenever the Fed hikes rates.
But if you're not a bond expert, you'd be better off investing in a fund that specializes in making the most of a rising rate environment through floating rate instruments and other bond income strategies. Flynn recommends looking for a strategic income or flexible income mutual fund or ETF, which will hold an array of different types of bonds.
"I don't see a lot of these choices in 401(k)s," he said. But you can always ask your 401(k) provider to include the option in your employer's plan.
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